US reveals the 50 minerals critical to its economic and national security
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has revealed an updated list of 50 critical minerals that the North American country needs for economic and national security.
Replacing the initial 2018 version, the new list has added 15 new minerals, while removing four others.
Most of the new additions come from differentiating specific rare earth elements (REE) and platinum group elements (PGE) as individual entries rather than grouping the commodities. Base metals nickel and zinc are also new entries on the list.
The four minerals no longer making the ‘critical’ list include helium, potash, rhenium and strontium.
Which minerals made the cut?
Following an extensive multi-agency assessment, USGS has concluded there are 50 non-fuel or mineral materials that are essential to economic or national security of the US, and which have supply chains vulnerable to disruption.
The US Energy Act of 2020 also determines the classification of a critical mineral by its essential function in the manufacturing of a product, the absence of which would have “significant consequences”.
The revised list includes the addition of nickel and zinc along with 48 other minerals in alphabetical order:
- Aluminum, used in almost all sectors of the economy
- Antimony, used in lead-acid batteries and flame retardants
- Arsenic, used in semi-conductors
- Barite, used in hydrocarbon production.
- Beryllium, used as an alloying agent in aerospace and defence industries
- Bismuth, used in medical and atomic research
- Cerium, used in catalytic converters, ceramics, glass, metallurgy, and polishing compounds
- Cesium, used in research and development
- Chromium, used primarily in stainless steel and other alloys
- Cobalt, used in rechargeable batteries and superalloys
- Dysprosium, used in permanent magnets, data storage devices, and lasers
- Erbium, used in fiber optics, optical amplifiers, lasers, and glass colorants
- Europium, used in phosphors and nuclear control rods
- Fluorspar, used in the manufacture of aluminum, cement, steel, gasoline, and fluorine chemicals
- Gadolinium, used in medical imaging, permanent magnets, and steelmaking
- Gallium, used for integrated circuits and optical devices like LEDs
- Germanium, used for fiber optics and night vision applications
- Graphite , used for lubricants, batteries, and fuel cells
- Hafnium, used for nuclear control rods, alloys, and high-temperature ceramics
- Holmium, used in permanent magnets, nuclear control rods, and lasers
- Indium, used in liquid crystal display screens
- Iridium, used as coating of anodes for electrochemical processes and as a chemical catalyst
- Lanthanum, used to produce catalysts, ceramics, glass, polishing compounds, metallurgy, and batteries
- Lithium, used for rechargeable batteries
- Lutetium, used in scintillators for medical imaging, electronics, and some cancer therapies
- Magnesium, used as an alloy and for reducing metals
- Manganese, used in steelmaking and batteries
- Neodymium, used in permanent magnets, rubber catalysts, and in medical and industrial lasers
- Nickel, used to make stainless steel, superalloys, and rechargeable batteries
- Niobium, used mostly in steel and superalloys
- Palladium, used in catalytic converters and as a catalyst agent
- Platinum, used in catalytic converters
- Praseodymium, used in permanent magnets, batteries, aerospace alloys, ceramics, and colorants
- Rhodium, used in catalytic converters, electrical components, and as a catalyst
- Rubidium, used for research and development in electronics
- Ruthenium, used as catalysts, as well as electrical contacts and chip resistors in computers
- Samarium, used in permanent magnets, as an absorber in nuclear reactors, and in cancer treatments
- Scandium, used for alloys, ceramics, and fuel cells
- Tantalum, used in electronic components, mostly capacitors and in superalloys
- Tellurium, used in solar cells, thermoelectric devices, and as alloying additive
- Terbium, used in permanent magnets, fibre optics, lasers, and solid-state devices
- Thulium, used in various metal alloys and in lasers
- Tin, used as protective coatings and alloys for steel
- Titanium, used as a white pigment or metal alloys
- Tungsten, primarily used to make wear-resistant metals
- Vanadium, primarily used as alloying agent for iron and steel
- Ytterbium, used for catalysts, scintillometers, lasers, and metallurgy
- Yttrium, used for ceramic, catalysts, lasers, metallurgy, and phosphors
- Zinc, primarily used in metallurgy to produce galvanised steel
- Zirconium, used in the high-temperature ceramics and corrosion-resistant alloys.
Directives from the Energy Act of 2020 indicate the interior department must review and update the list at least every three years, as well as update the methodology used to identify potential critical minerals.
“Critical minerals play a significant role in our national security, economy, renewable energy development and infrastructure,” US Interior for Water and Science assistant secretary Tanya Trujillo said.
“USGS data collection and analysis scans the horizon for emerging issues in crucial supply chains, and every three years identifies the nation’s current vulnerabilities to potential disruptions.”
This updated list will be the focus of USGS research quantifying critical mineral potential within the US.
In US President Joe Biden’s Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, the USGS received funding for its earth mapping resource initiative, which will update the country’s mapping of these minerals including those still in the ground and/or present in mine wastes.
US Government initiatives to boost mining
The Biden administration has been seeking to boost domestic production of minerals particularly related to the manufacture of electric vehicles, cell phones, weaponry and electronics.
Several government initiatives have been motivated by fears that low domestic output of minerals essential for the construction of future technologies could make the US dependent on China and other nations heavily invested in mining.
These include attempts to boost US output of lithium, rare earths and other strategic minerals; however, the environmental implication of new mines has also been a concern.
“We can’t build a future that’s made in America if we ourselves are dependent on China for the materials that power the products of today and tomorrow,” President Biden said from the White House earlier this week.
Although, he added that environmental protections are “paramount”, declaring he would not support new US mines unless the “historical injustices that too many mining operations have left behind” are avoided.
To address environmental concerns, the White House has committed to form a committee to recommend changes to the 1872 Mining Law, which has governed hard rock mining for more than a century.
President Biden also announced a $35 million grant from the US Defense Department to MP Materials Inc to process rare earths, which are used to make magnets for consumer goods and weapons.
MP Materials had previously been awarded $10 million and said it would invest $700 million of its own funds to transition its rare earths processing operations from China to California by the end of 2022.
Balancing environmental concerns
On the contrary, President Biden has blocked some mining projects in the US despite promoting the need to boost domestic production of critical minerals.
These include Antofagasta’s proposed copper mine in Minnesota and one owned by Rio Tinto (ASX: RIO) in Arizona.
He explained the criteria determining whether administration officials would support a proposed US mining project came down to the environmental, social and governance (ESG) implications.
“We have to ensure that these resources actually benefit folks in the communities where they live, not just shareholders,” President Biden said.